Islam in North America
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Islam in North America
Islam has moved beyond the stage of formation and establishment in the United States—and North America more broadly—into a stage of full-fledged presence across all fields of life. Today, Islam is undeniably part and parcel of the land and its people.
Some Western historical sources suggest that Muslim presence in North America may predate Columbus. African explorers from West Africa are believed to have reached the Americas nearly two centuries before 1492, interacting with and even intermarrying among Native Americans. This could explain why certain regions carry Arabic-derived names such as Mecca, Arafat, Jerusalem, Muhammad, and Quran.1
Other historical accounts suggest that some Muslim travelers accompanied Christopher Columbus himself and served as guides, as they had already reached the continent before him. The famous Ottoman cartographer Piri Reis2, who mapped parts of the Americas in his maritime charts and lived during the time of Columbus, was preceded by the Muslim geographer al-Mas‘udi (896–957 CE), who recorded in his writings the presence of an unknown land in the Atlantic Ocean that matches the Americas.3 According to Professor Leo Weiner of Harvard University in his book “Africa and the Discovery of America”4Columbus was well aware of the Muslim presence in the New World. Similarly, the British orientalist De Lacy O’Leary stated in his book “Arabic Thought and Its Place in the History of the West” that there is no doubt Muslims arrived in America before Columbus.
In general, North America witnessed multiple waves of Muslim migration. The earliest wave came during the period of Catholic repression in Europe, prompting many Muslims to flee and settle in America—though they often concealed their faith. This was followed by the forced migration of a large number of Africans as slaves in the 17th and 18th centuries, among whom a significant portion were Muslims.
The third and ongoing wave began in the late 19th century and intensified after World Wars I and II, particularly with the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Many Muslims emigrated from the Levant (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine) and beyond. Immigration reached a major milestone in 1953, when the U.S. passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, granting immigrants the right to naturalization. Later, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and various forms of political oppression and authoritarianism in many Arab and Muslim countries led to further emigration to the West, including to the United States and Canada. This brought large Muslim populations from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Somalia, Sudan, Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Bosnia, and others.
Although Muslims have become an integral part of the American social fabric and are visible in every region of the continent, there is no definitive statistic that clearly identifies their percentage within the overall population. Estimates vary widely. Some suggest that Muslims in North America number only about one million, while others estimate upwards of twelve million or more. Regardless of the exact number, it is important to note that Islam is one of the fastest-growing religions in the West—thanks in part to the widespread availability of digital media and communication platforms, which have helped counter Islamophobic narratives and allowed people to explore Islam for themselves. Many develop sympathy for Muslims or even convert to Islam. Additionally, Muslim communities, due to cultural and religious values, have relatively high birth rates, and continued immigration and family reunification also contribute to their growth.
Major Muslim populations are concentrated in cities such as New York, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Chicago, though mosques, Islamic centers, and halal restaurants can now be found across North America. Even airports increasingly provide dedicated Muslim prayer spaces.
The Muslim community is remarkably diverse, including native-born American converts, Arabs, Turks, Afghans, Pakistanis, Indians (who make up the largest percentage), and many others. The Pew Research Center once projected that Islam would become the second-largest religion in the United States by 2050, though some believe this milestone may already have been reached.5
Beyond demographics, Muslims have established a vibrant presence across all sectors of society. They contribute to nation-building and economic growth, with research showing that Muslims—particularly women—achieve some of the highest levels of educational attainment in the country. Prominent Muslim figures now lead in technology, space science, medicine, law, business, and politics. Muslims hold offices in Congress, the Senate, federal agencies, and the White House, as well as positions in law enforcement, public transit, and many other fields. Hijab has become a familiar sight in public life, while Ramadan, the two Eids, Hajj, and even the commemoration of Imam Husayn’s (p) martyrdom in Muḥarram are widely recognized and increasingly acknowledged on public calendars.
Like many other communities, Muslims face internal challenges—ethnic, cultural, and sectarian divisions that sometimes hinder unity and progress. Yet they are blessed with abundant resources, opportunities, talent, and committed individuals striving for the community’s advancement. With thoughtful planning and a collective vision, Muslims can continue to thrive alongside other successful communities.
One noteworthy step in this direction is the strategic action plan developed by the I.M.A.M. organization. While initially designed for the advancement of the Shīʿa Muslim community in North America, it offers benefits for all Muslims. The plan was crafted with input from over 100 scholars, academics, and professionals dedicated to serving Muslims in the United States and Canada. It stands as a model of foresight, depth, and strategic thinking that can guide Muslim communities toward a stronger and more promising future.
To know more about the Blueprint for Shia Muslims community of North America visit this link: https://imam-us.org/a-blueprint-for-the-shia-muslim-community-of-north-america
1. Francaviglia, Richard V. 2014. “‘Far Beyond the Western Sea of the Arabs…’: Reinterpreting Claims about Pre-Columbian Muslims in the Americas.” Terrae Incognitae 46 (2): 103–38. doi:10.1179/0082288414Z.00000000033.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories?
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories?utm
4. Francaviglia, Richard V. 2014. “‘Far Beyond the Western Sea of the Arabs…’: Reinterpreting Claims about Pre-Columbian Muslims in the Americas.” Terrae Incognitae 46 (2): 103–38. doi:10.1179/0082288414Z.00000000033.